PHYSICAL PRIVACY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

PHYSICAL PRIVACY - Coursework Example For our current assignment though, I am going to take one ethical issue that was embedded into that business decision and discuss it in great detail. I will do my best to discover all of the facts that I will need in order to create an informed analysis of this particular ethical issue and make some suggestions pertaining to how the ethical issue may be dealt with by the insurance company prior to it actually becoming an ethical situation that the company has to handle. For this particular assignment, I have chosen to deal with the problem of Agent Honesty when it comes to their treatment of client policies and collection agreements. In order to deal with this problem, the insurance company must first acknowledge the fact that the agents have a strong tendency to commit fraud once they have a non-exclusive partnership with the insurance company. Since they are basically freelancers, they do not answer directly to the company for any of their actions. If an insurance company uses too many independent agents, the possibility of being able to monitor all of their client based actions diminishes. Independent agents prefer having the more limited relationship that their status provides with the company as opposed to an exclusive agent who is bound by more company rules and regulations in terms of ethics. That is why in the case of independent agents, the tendency of the insurance company is to have a narrow and specific view of the agent's business actions. The company will tend to not care too much about the actions of their independent agents without realizing that the unethical actions of the independent agents will have clear ramifications for their company as well in terms of protecting their clients against fraud. It is most likely that not all independent agents are aware of the fact that they are committing fraud in certain instances due to their lack of proper manpower training in terms of insurance sales services. Therefore, it is important that the compan y reiterate the importance of honesty in all their business dealings in order to preserve the image of the company with future clients, and enhance their company image with their existing client base. Agents need to always be ethical and compliant of all government insurance standards. There is no gray area in this matter. Rogue insurance agents can cause the insurance company a sizable amount of fines and potential financial losses through fraud related lawsuits that the company will find itself facing. Considering the lack of company based supervision of independent agents, it would seem more logical for insurance companies to deal with exclusive agents instead since they can have a more personal relationship with these agents whose actions and portfolios are open and easily accessible to the company. Thus making it easier to detect ethical violations at any given time. It is of the utmost importance that insurance companies be highly observant of their independent agent's pattern s of behavior or financial transactions over a period of time. This will help the company sniff out the potential abnormalities in the actions of the agent that could signify that the agent is involved in fraudulent actions against the company clients and the company itself. This can usually be determined by observing the agent's pattern of payment submission to the insurance com

Week 10 Assignment 5.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Week 10 Assignment 5.2 - Essay Example In Asia Pacific alone, the industry is seeing a rapid growth in air travel demand. (Kollau, R., 2011) In the western part of the world, Southwest Airlines is one of the leaders in low-cost carriers. (Jones, C., 2012) The company registered a net income of $421 million in 2012 with over 3,000 flights daily. (Southwest, 2013) With the demand for low-cost air travel increasing, airline companies are coming up with ways to get their share of consumers to stay in business. Although Southwest Airlines is still earning revenue (S.D., 2011), it should not be complacent and should continue to look for ways to keep making income. One method is to acquire a bigger aircraft which could accommodate more passengers but at the same time be cost-efficient. Comparisons and projections were made between the efficiency of Southwest Airlines’ existing fleet and a new fleet inclusive of the Boeing 737-900ER, by far the biggest aircraft in the series. (Boeing, 2013) Data was gathered from the websites of Boeing and Southwest Airlines. With the inclusion of AirTran’s planes which Southwest acquired in May 2011, Southwest Airlines had operated 694 Boeing jets by the end of 31 December 2012. (Southwest, 2013) This is equivalent to a combined seating capacity of 94,310. Figure 1 shows the breakdown of airplane type, number of aircrafts per type and the seats per aircraft. The Boeing 737-900ER replaced the 737-900 between 1997 and 2003. It is the latest model in the 737 series and can carry up to 180 passengers or up to 220 passengers depending on the layout. (Boeing, 2013) Figure 2 shows the additional seating capacity of the Southwest Airlines fleet with the Boeing 737-900ER. With a significantly lower operating cost, the 737-900ER is capable of going to 96% of the route of an obsolete but popular Boeing model, the 757. (Media, 2013) The newer model has been in demand in the industry ever since its

Charter Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charter Schools - Essay Example The different between charter schools and other public schools is that families choose them for their children because they have desired qualities and environment that must exhibit. Moreover, they operate on specific freedoms that are not in the other district public schools hence making them favorable and lenient to the children Chance, L. M. S. A. A., & Lewis, W. (2013) these schools must demonstrate exquisite performance in matters relating to academics prowess, transparent management of finances and effective organizational stability. However, failure for a charter school to meet the organizational may lead to the closure of such school. Chance & Lewis (2013) Affirms that the underrepresented students in charter schools tend to succeed in education and extracurricular activities compared to other students in the district schools. The essay seeks to illustrate why the underrepresented students perform better compared to others in the district schools. First, the general model of school provides an enabling atmosphere where all people can learn and integrate the relevant skills learned in the realm of academics. CREDO study indicates success of these students emanates from school quality features such as teacher quality, lengths of day among other factors that concentrate on the non-low-income, non-disabled females in the charter schools (Mayr, 2008). The school exhibits controllable effects such as peer group, physical education that contribute heavily towards making an individual full member of the community. In other words, the schools have an adequate atmosphere that will provide an avenue for students to succeed by the end of the day. The students have hardworking spirit. Coupling the handwork and effort from students makes it possible for students to excel and eventually perform distinctively from other students in the society. The administration has set principles in terms creating and maintaining motivation amongst students. Awards and

Poverty Alleviation Strategy Essay Example for Free

Poverty Alleviation Strategy Essay Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human can face. According to Homer. This , this is misery! The last, the worst that man can feel. Poverty can be measured either in absolute terms, for example, the number of those who cannot afford more than two pairs of shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the poorest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept, which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because incomes are low, but also because the needs of ertain low income households are high. Poverty has many dimensions, which include economic, political, social, environmental and human dimensions. In economic terms a county, a region or a household is poor when the per capita income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is below a certain minimum standard, there are low medical care and health facilities, productivity is very low and there is illiteracy. In political terms a country, a regionor a group of people are poor when they do not have a voice in the community or dependent on other more powerful groups or individuals in order to express their own rights and hoices. In social terms poverty in a country a region o a household breeds all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction, crime, position, violence ad terrorism in a family or in a community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and social values of the society as a whole and as a result more and more people in the community become intolerantand rude towards each other in their day to day life. In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living environment not only of those who live in poverty but of all other human beings as well as non-human iving things that depend on the same resources and ecosystem on which those living in poverty depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their behaviors easily because of lack of resources, knolwledge about their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their own resources on which they survive in the long run. Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all, because poor people live in conditions that are miserable, conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger, disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a child is down with a curable disease and the parents have to take a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use. It exists when parents of a child sell their child into slavery or prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of the poor. Poverty has emerged as the most important issue for Pakistan. Poverty redressal requires economic growth accompanied by an improvement in access to social services. The reason that economic growth has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces the other. In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained growth. The estimates ot poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According to caloric based calories per person), the incidence of poverty declined sharply from 46. 5 percent in 1969-70 to 17. 3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly in 1990s ising from 17. 3 percent in 1987-88 to 22. 4 percent in 1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97. The recent estimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from 32. percent in 1998-99 to 33. 50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows that the incidence of poverty has increased in 19990s. similar trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty. The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990s can be attributed to the relatively lower rate of economic growth, rising unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of workers remittances and bad overnance. In addition to the factors menti oned above the high population growth also puts pressure on the merge social services thereby causing social distress. Painting a broad picture of third world poverty is not enough. Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific knowledge of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not sufficient simply to focus on raising growth rates of Gross National Product in the expectation or hope that this national income growth will trickle down to mprove levels of living for the very poor. On the contrary many observers argue that direct attack on poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics. National Economic development is central to success in poverty alleviation. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , national and global levels. The following actions are equired to be taken y poor people, government, private sector and civil society organizations. Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and pro-poor growth. A business environmental conducive to private investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is political and social stabilityto invite public and private investments. The poor should be empowered in the true sense. Empowerment means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states institutions that affects their lives by trengthening their participation in political process, and local decision-making. It also means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to enable them to engageeffectively in markets. Enhancing security for poor people which means reducing their vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and natural disasters and helping them cope with adverse shocks when they occur. The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal incomes in most third world countries s the unequal and highly concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal reason why less than 20 percent of their population receives over 50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent probably owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial resources, especially physical capital and land but also financial capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better education. It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the concentrated control of ssets , the unequal distribution ot power, unequal access to education and income earning opportunities. Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this area of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and assets. Further , they often also have the power and ability to avoid paying taxes without the fear of government. Pakistan is facing twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing poverty. This requires rapid conomic growth keeping in view the factors responsible for slow growth and rising poverty, the government has formulated a comprehensive economic revival programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce poverty. Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and stabilizing the economy has been made the central pillar of the governments economic revival program. The government has adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management, prudent monetary policy, external adjustment and debt management. Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential ingredients of he governments poverty alleviation strategy. Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of the government institutions in Pakistan. In fact, poverty in Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a result of mis-governance over the past years. The main element of reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services reforms, access to Justice and financial transparency. The care principle of Pakistan poverty alleviation strategy is to empower the people and to create greater opportunities for increasing real income by improving access to productive assets mainly housing, land an credit. Access to credit is the surest way of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial intuition, thegovernment has now established the Khushhali Bank or Micro Finance Bank for the provision of micro credit to poor communities. The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in Pakistans performance in the social sectors, Human development is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity for future sustainable growth. pakistans progress on almost every social indictor e. g. education, health and nutrition is poor as compared with that of other developing countries. In order to address this situation, the government has prepared comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the effective utilization of the available resource s hrough improved institutional mechanisms.

Ghosts in Henry James Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry James Turn Scre

The Turn of the Screw:   Ghosts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence Kramer poses some interesting ideas about Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw mainly by discussing the ghosts in the story. He refers to the ghosts as revenants; â€Å"a specter, a ghost, a phantom, one who haunts, who returns, who walks again.† First, he implies that these revenants can only work when a person believes they exist. There must be something that makes a former person want to return to the living world from a state of death. However, this longing by the former person is not enough to make it a worthy revenant. Someone in the living world must believe that the revenant is actually there. Because of the feelings of â€Å"dread† and â€Å"desire† a revenant creates when it appears, most people find it difficult to disbelieve in this apparition. Therefore, it is fairly easyfor a revenant to work. This is critical to the story because in order for the revenants of Quint and Miss Jessel to work, the governess must believe that they exist. Because of the governess’ belief, the revenants can wo... Ghosts in Henry James Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry James Turn Scre The Turn of the Screw:   Ghosts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence Kramer poses some interesting ideas about Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw mainly by discussing the ghosts in the story. He refers to the ghosts as revenants; â€Å"a specter, a ghost, a phantom, one who haunts, who returns, who walks again.† First, he implies that these revenants can only work when a person believes they exist. There must be something that makes a former person want to return to the living world from a state of death. However, this longing by the former person is not enough to make it a worthy revenant. Someone in the living world must believe that the revenant is actually there. Because of the feelings of â€Å"dread† and â€Å"desire† a revenant creates when it appears, most people find it difficult to disbelieve in this apparition. Therefore, it is fairly easyfor a revenant to work. This is critical to the story because in order for the revenants of Quint and Miss Jessel to work, the governess must believe that they exist. Because of the governess’ belief, the revenants can wo...

Self Reliance Rhetorical Analysis

â€Å"Self-Reliance† is a series of loosely related thoughts and extracts from lectures and journals that Ralph Wald Emerson has written in the past. Through the use of the classical argument, imagery, and many other rhetorical devices, Emerson makes such a convincing case that a person from almost any background would find it difficult to disagree with him. Emerson wrote this essay is to teach a lesson. He argues to the reader to trust themselves and to not conform to the standards of others. Emerson tells his audience, â€Å"Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.This means that you must first have approval and support of yourself, and then you will gain approval of the world. The purpose of this essay, pertaining to any audience, is to show that a person needs to find his own truth, and have confidence or â€Å"self-reliance† in themselves. The author adds pathos to his essay by evoking the personal prejudices and biases of the audienc e. Pathos stands out most in his essay, as it contains a lot of emotional conflicts that we all face at some point or other in our lives. â€Å"Self- Reliance† is sprinkled with memorable sayings known as aphorisms.These are brief statements that express a general principle or truth about life. â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of the little minds† is a very popular aphorism Emerson uses in his essay. He adds logos, or reason, to his essay by giving examples of arguments that people face with themselves and others, and rationally explaining how we should deal with these struggles. Emerson adds ethos to his essay by referencing to well known people in history. He states that Luther, Socrates, Galileo, Newton, Pythagoras, Copernicus, andJesus were all great minds that were misunderstood. By referencing to these people, he established credibility, as his audience is most likely familiar with the struggles and triumphs of a few or more of these people in history . Emerson uses a unique style of diction in this essay. He uses words such as â€Å"thyself†, â€Å"bestowed†, and â€Å"arduous†. To us his word choice seems to be very formal. We may even call it archaic, or out dated. But we must keep in mind that he was a 1 9th century writer, and this choice of words was probably ore common at the time he wrote this essay.Emerson uses a multitude of tropes in his essay. For example, he uses the metaphors â€Å"envy is ignorance† and â€Å"imitation is suicide† to explain what every man feels at some point in his life. As stated earlier, Emerson uses multiple aphorisms in this essay. His aphorisms proclaim his radical ideas in clear, concise sentences. His idea about consistency, for example, is distilled into one easy-to-remember aphorism, and is thereby amortized. In his essay, the author also says that, For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure. This is personification. What Emerson is tryin g to say is that there is common belief that if you are a nonconformist, meaning you do not follow generally accepted beliefs, then everyone in the world will think badly of you. Emerson does not believe this to be so. Emerson uses symbols and imagery of nature to support his claim of individuality. The â€Å"over soul† is one key element that Emerson illustrates in his essay, meaning that a person should look deep inside his heart and find his own truth.

Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India

Public Policy for ANIMAL WELFARE in INDIA. Issues, Challenges and Recommendations Submitted by – DR. PUNIT G. (PGP-2), IIMA. ARTICLE 51 of INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 51 of Indian constitution provides protection to animals in India by ensuring â€Å"Compassion to all living creatures†. For ensuring the same, PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS act was enacted in 1960 under which the Government of India instituted the ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD of INDIA for carrying out the activities mentioned in the above mentioned act. Following are some of the important points to be discussed in this backdrop: 1.Saving of DOG population from mass killing by local municipal corporations. a. Enforcing the ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAMME throughout India, i. e. replacing mass killing of stray dogs with vaccination & sterilization programmes. 2. Creating SPCA’s (Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), monitoring their activities, and derecognizing those which are non-working or misu sing their mandate. 3. Work towards licensing and taxation of all dog and cat sellers. The report that follows will discuss each issue in the backdrop of the necessity for creating such an article in the act, the relevance in today? time, critical analysis of the policy, any suggestions/recommendations to improve the efficacy for the purpose for which it was put in the first place. ABC program: â€Å"SAVING of DOG POPULATION from MASS KILLING† OVERVIEW: Mass killing of stray dogs was started in India in the 19th century during the times of Britishruled India. Almost 50,000 dogs were killed every year even after Independence by the local municipal authorities with an objective to eradicate RABIES and also reduce the stray dog population in India. But in 1993, finally the government admitted that this policy had een a complete failure as human deaths due to rabies had actually increased, and also the dog population was on a rise. This meant that the application of the technique (mass-killing) which was followed in developed countries, did not work in India (a developing nation) as the two environments and scenarios are hugely different from each other. Hence in 1994, the killing programme was replaced by ABC (Animal Birth Control) which meant masssterilization (with mass-vaccination against rabies) instead of mass-killing. In either case, the final objective of the programme is straight-forward – â€Å"Controlling the population of stray dogs. OBJECTIVE of POPULATION CONTROL program: Rather than understanding the pros and cons of any method, let us first begin by laying out the objectives for any such system to be in place. Here are a few of the possible objectives: 1. Protecting the public health at large (as dogs are carriers/vectors for many diseases, including Rabies) 2. Maintaining community hygiene, especially in the urban context. The reasons for doing so are based on some of the facts and statistics highlighted below: i. ii. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, an estimated 19 million. 0% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. iii. iv. 42% of dog-bite victims are children Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens. v. Stray dogs on runways have forced pilots to take evasive action, causing near-accidents to aircraft and necessitating orders from the Mumbai High Court to IAAI to take all necessary measures to clear airport areas of stray dogs. UNDERSTANDING THE â€Å"STRAY DOG† ISSUE: â€Å"Stray dogs† are the ownerless, abandoned, un-muzzled, wandering dogs on the urban road, i. . Free-ranging urban dogs (wikipedia). This means either they are ownerless right from their birth, or become ownerless at some point in their lifetime. These may be pure-bred, true mixed-breed, or un-bred (e. g. Indian pariah). Overpopulation of these stray dogs can cause public health problems for the societies in which they wander freely. The important point to be understood here is that – the societies at risk are majorly the URBAN societies. A lot of literature regarding the stray dogs talks in the context of urban landscape only.Hence it is imperative to understand the reason behind strays becoming a nuisance/menace/problem for the urban landscape, but not majorly for the rural landscape. Is it an URBAN MENACE? Stray dogs or the Indian pariahs are considered scavengers. Principally, this means that they live on the scraps or leftovers from the human households. This is not shocking as history tells us that dogs are those descendants from the wolves which got domesticated due to the humans using them in their hunting expeditions, and rewarding them by passing over chunks of meat or leftovers from the kill.This also implies that this particular evolution of the wolf species has been artificially induced by the humankind. This backdrop is essential in the light of the dis cussion ahead, as the SCAVENGER nature or utility feature is a part of the domestication feature during the evolution of the dogs. Since ancient times, dogs domesticated around villages serving two primary functions. These being: A. Sanitation B. Security As dogs used to live off on the scraps and the edible waste from the house-holds, they became scavengers in addition to the other natural scavenger animals (including birds).This also meant that they served as an important step in the maintenance of hygiene of the villages by performing effective waste management. In the urban scenario, such a natural waste management system is of no use as there are better waste management systems at disposal. This led to scarcity in the natural food (leftovers) for dogs, leading to the usual survival phenomena of forming packs and searching for food. Hence, this puts the urban society at risk. But given the open access to garbage (a result of improper waste management) in urban areas of developin g countries, dogs have found a way to live and breed freely.Hence, the resultant has been that the stray dog-population has been on a rise even when mass-killing was in place. So the technique of control is not a problem in first place, but the lack of proper waste management in the urban scenario. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Population control measure of any kind is bound to fail in absence of proper urban waste management systems which lead to free-access of these stray animals to waste which acts as their source of food. † Dogs are territorial animals – that means they guard their territory, not just from other dogs but from anyone they perceive as intruders.This is a feature which has been exploited / put to use by the humans for decades of their symbiosis together. But in the urban setting, this utility feature is not put to use at all, except the use of certain breeds of dogs (mainly nonIndian origin) for security/guarding purpose. The innate guarding nature of dogs lead to these strays barking on beggars entering into new territories, attacking speeding vehicles ONLY DURING NIGHT TIMES, etc. An interesting example to prove this case is the instance of a few stray dogs barking on the 26-11 attackers when they landed by a ferry in Mumbai.These strays were continuously barking at those people trying to make the locals aware that they are sensing some deviation from the normal – perhaps sensing a major threat. But the locals chose to ignore this, and the rest is a fateful history. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Stray dogs are nuisance in urban settings not because they are not a fit in the urban environment, but because we haven’t been able to tap into their innate abilities and utilize them for maintain the centuriesold symbiosis between the two species. †ANALYSIS/EVALUATION/CRITIQUE OF THE FACTS: i. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, a n estimated 19 million. A simple look at this fact makes us think that it is time to control this population. But a deeper understanding of dynamics of dog population will clear a lot of air. Dog populations follow a specific growth curve – the initial being an EXPONENTIAL growth curve, followed by decrease in birth rate and increase in death rate reaching equilibrium depending on the carrying capacity of the environment to keep this balance.The carrying capacity of environment means the availability, distribution and quality of resources (shelter, food and water) which aid the natural growth of dog population. (Jimenez-Coello) This also implies that dog population control measure cannot be seen independent of the factors which impact it. Hence, control on the carrying factors is a pre-requisite for the direct control measures like â€Å"sterilization† to actually succeed. ii. 80% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. R abies is a preventable viral disease transmitted through the saliva of INFECTED animals.Dogs are the most common source of transmission to humans. The control measures adopted currently are the â€Å"Vaccination programs† against rabies. Now the efficacy of such a program depends on a lot of factors which involve maintaining the cold storage or cold supply chain of the vaccine, administering the vaccine when the dog is normal health, administering in puppy stage, regular annual vaccination, etc. The question which arises here is how a stray dog, living in open conditions, can be made to confirm to all the above criteria. Hence, the efficacy of this system will always be questionable.Also, a major loophole exists in actual implementation of this measure – the number of dogs vaccinated by any animal welfare organization is simply taken at the face-value by the AWB. Shouldn? t there be a correlation between the population of dogs in a given area, number of dogs vaccinated and number of rabies incidents reported/found? This should be an evaluation criterion to confirm if the organization is efficient in performing the objective of rabies control. iii. Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens.Do dogs bark only when they fight? If yes, do they occur only during the night? Many such questions can be raised to actually test the truth behind this fact. Yes, barking leads to noise pollution, disturbance during night etc. but dogs bark when they feel threatened OR perceive someone to be a threat to their territory. We also need to prepare a report on number of petty thefts (stealing car audio, burglary etc. ) being prevented due to stray dogs barking at night. That would be a valid critique for the above fact. THE SOLUTION (Combination of CONTROL and UTILITY)A unique model which suits a developing nation like INDIA needs to be created for ensuring that the dog population doesn? t actually become a mena ce to the society. A species which has long been living in harmony and symbiosis with the human race since ages, doesn? t mutate into a pest for humans – just because we haven? t found a utility of this domesticated species. Along with ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAM and VACCINATION PROGRAM, a „COLLECTIVE PETTING? methodology is proposed which is as follows: POLICE SYSTEM Aid to curb urban crime (theft, burglary, etc) Search & Rescue assistance during DISASTERS.EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Involving students in proper care of strays. Development of a broader understanding of urban environmental balance in students. Development of caring attitude for animals in students. – NGO’s Driving force of this entire project VETERINARY HEALTHCARE Preventive Health care system. Market research. Outsourcing of food & medicines for the project. Efficient implementation of the project. – – Main co-ordinator between all the key players. Think-Tank for this entire p roject. – HOUSING SOCIETIES Collective Adoption of Stray dogs. Better security solution. Reduction in menace to the society.

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Grapple Mobile

Grapple Mobile Introduction on Grapple Mobile and its industry The cell phone industry is known as one of the fastest growing industries within the global market. Many changes have been recognized within cell phone industry since early 1990s guaranteeing its global expansion. The industry’s market expansion is attributed to the ever improvement in technology and innovation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Grapple Mobile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current generation desires to live with advancement in technology hence making the cell phone industry to be one of the most important sectors in recent time. Invention of cell phones has led to easy communication and hence success in carriers which requires rapid plans within their processes (International Communications Research, 2007). Mobile applications industry is currently recognized as one of the fastest-growing sectors within the market. According to Forrester Re search, the cumulative global downloads is estimated to grow beyond forty four billion mark within the next couple of years. Various brands within the mobile industry are increasing their demand on tablets and smart phones. This works well for Grapple mobile since their main focus is on businesses rather than consumers. The other focus of Grapple is on functionality and not so much on novelty hence places greater target on brands dealing primarily with consumers (Bhide, 2008). Explanation on the type of service, proprietary technology Grapple Mobile offers and its main competitors. What is the business service area that offers the most growth and profits? Grapple Mobile Company was established in 2010 in London and deals with development of mobile applications for various phones such as iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, Nokia as well as other devices. The company deals with the designing of applications for numerous devices within the mobile industry. Other web technologies used by the f irm include; HTML, CSS and JavaScript and deals with every aspect of application development processes such as testing, approval and submission where the company proves the acceptance of applications by operators as well as manufacturers and other stores within the industry.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Grapple makes numerous branded applications (apps) for various commercial companies such as Xbox; BT and HP. Grapple’s propriety technology is capable of translating simple web languages into various native codes. This has made possible the application of multiple mobile platforms. The company also provides cloud-based distribution system which makes it easier for clients to download links directly from their mobile phones through a single link. The technology simplifies customer’s journey through handset detection database which delivers corre ct version of app directly into handsets (Heatley, 2011). Grapple mobile uses proprietary technology for building cross-platform applications. The company uses development team specialized in building apps for various brands such as iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, Nokia, HP as well as windows phone seven. They offer value for customers in their brands offering entertainment such as Zippo lighter and the Carling iPint. The technology appears technically brilliant and useful based on the core business objectives. The company at the same time charge their clients on the basis of a one-off fee. This kind of pricing has enabled the consumers to get application that works on hundreds of different phone handsets giving clear guidance from the company concerning concepts and download processes. They also provide detailed analytics revealing to the clients the number of times every version has been utilized for the purposes of assisting future marketing activities. The company turned down invol vement of VCs since they perceive them as opportunistic of the whole (Heatley, 2011). Grapple Mobile’s main competitors range from independent mobile application developers to template application platforms. However, the company’s strategy on using full-service agency as well as their platform sets them above their competitors. The level of affordability of the cell phones has made the cell phone industry to expand tremendously. This has created a platform for companies to compete within the confines of advance technology and communication. The mobile industry market seems competitive since the companies involved offer the same products and services despite differences in costs and physical attributes.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Grapple Mobile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the companies have resorted to lowering the cost of their improved products for the purposes of attracting mor e customers. Improved technological know-how enables continuous manufacture of new products making the market for mobile phone industry to be very competitive (Heatley, 2011). Most of the big mobile phone companies with large economies of scale within the industry provide highly automated services to wide customer base. They also have the advantage of vast financial resources necessary for maintaining communication devices with wide network coverage. This makes them have advantage over the smaller companies such as Grapple Mobile service provider. The smaller providers need to franchise out their offices for the purposes of improving on their visibility hence attracting more consumers. The intense competition within the industry has seen increase in annual revenue from the industry with over 1,200 wireless companies. However, individual companies can also improve their profitability by applying the right marketing strategies for their products and services. Acquiring the right exper tise would help improving the cell phone function capabilities. The level of acquisitions and partnership within the industry has led to improvement of wireless technology as well as the associated services. The growth is associated with improved profit margins for service companies which have earlier been mentioned to be conducting lucrative businesses within the various market segments. Some companies are involved in the creation of models such as Alpha Profit which are necessary within the mobile wireless industry; the industry has received positive growth brought by the introduction of modern phones which uses the third generation wireless networks (Belk, 2006). Analysts define the cell phone industry to be in mature life cycle stage since all customers are potential users of the product. The growth of the industry majorly depends on its ability to attract new customers through value-added services including phone securities. Buyers are normally attracted in two ways within this industry; one way is through service, where cell phones are valued at affordable prices increasing the level of competition amongst companies. Then there is the level of phone innovation which involves addition of more add-on features. The industry contains over fifty companies with the top six controlling 80% of the market (International Communications Research, 2007).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technology enhancement within the industry creates similarities in products offered by different companies. There exists variety of products and services making consumers capable of picking their choice of services. Such demands that providers release quality products at reasonable prices. The context of the devices means much to consumers, with such qualities as higher resolution and ability of phone to store more data attracting higher demand. Analysis of the organizational chart and functionalities enforced by Grapple Mobile The company’s organization structure comprises of; the CEO, Head sales, CTO, Platform Engineer, Chief strategy officer, Manager Public Relations, Financial Controller, Manager business Developer, Manager sales, Founder, COO, Chairman and Managing Director. The value of the company has so far been valued based on its intellectual assets. The stakeholders are major contributors who should be included within the process of designing activities within business model (Heatley, 2011). Possible network chart to represent inflows of information as it stands today The chart below shows the different processes which Grapple Mobile should use in building information required for the successful operation of their message services. The various organization units involved and their roles are shown as well as the necessary communication links. The level of project management is manned by two individuals with the support of the company’s administration team. The top management team is endowed with the responsibility of giving the necessary communication to customers and the suppliers of the services. The suppliers include the mobile network operators as well as the first level operation team. The overall managers who include even the CEOs ensure that all the employees within the line of operations receive appropriate information. They are also responsible for financial control and ensuring that the new innovations are implemented. The first level support comprises of five team members with different expertise areas. They are normally endowed with the responsibility of obtaining hardware equipments and the system installation processes. The unit creates IT security user accounts and provides consumers with necessary access to the system services. The second level support supplies the software and at the same time conducts training to the first level support team. In addition they are responsible for system configuration as well as tracking down errors. The server hosting company on the other hand provides equipments required for constructing data centres. The mobile network operator is concerned with delivering appropriate messages to the clients from their operation system and at the same time provides report on delivery of messages. Figure 1 Discussion and analysis of the cases indicated in the above discussion and the media through which the various types of information is distributed The various types of inf ormation are distributed through advanced technology mobile phones which have made possible and accessible the practice of marketing products and service through the internet. The advancements in communication technologies have led to great improvement within the global advertising Industry. The methods applied in outsourcing media buying function to the media agencies has since enabled intensive innovation within the company’s core services (The Guardian. 2011). There has been increase in the use of various communication tools such as mobile phone and personal computer. This has been made possible by the presence of easily accessible Internet advertising which enables mass adoption of Grapple Mobile services within the Global market. For the purposes of maximizing sales, Grapple Mobile Company pays premium for wide exposure through the mass media. The use of mobile phone technology provides common advertising space, but not restricted to the realms of billboards, public tran sportation, movies, schools, clothing, even bathroom stalls carry ads making the industry to constantly explore new advertising ways. The outflow of information processes is influenced by the nature of technology in use and the consumers responses on the products and services within the market. Outflow of information makes it easier for the companies to differentiate and position their products and services. At the same time it is easier to express quality aspect in a manipulative perspective for the purposes of improving on sales. Marketers within the industry consider with great concern responsibilities they owe to the society (The Guardian. 2011). The end result of the information technology presents various challenges to both service providers as well as the consumers in general. The company avoids creating temporal changes which may cause negative results to the society (The Guardian. 2011). In addition the various types of information are distributed through various cell phone technologies and innovations. Unlicensed Mobile Access assists in providing necessary high-speed Wi-Fi which enables good coverage within closets of houses. The service enables users of handsets to download programs of their like at satisfying speed even while travelling. There is also the use of Cell phone tour guides which directs various buyers on appropriate places making the technology preferable to books since it saves on time and money. Combining iTunes into cell phones presents value added upgrade which all together boosts the sales for the phones within the market. The Near Field Communication technology services allows for possible connection through wireless devices enabling transfer of data such as payment information and digital pictures. The services rendered through phones in-built with NFC chips enables use of electronic Identity cards such as debit cards. The technology has since enabled easy transactions to be effected from manufacturers to consumers (The Guardian . 2011). There is the use of SkypeIn which enables those who frequently use internet make free access anywhere in the world. Users are enabled to receive regular phone numbers and also able to receive calls without paying for extra charges. There is the possibility of an individual owning more lines within their home countries hence the technology enhances cheaper ways of connecting to each other within the global base. Inclusion of the VOIP within mobile phones assists in cutting out cell-phone bills mostly in international calls which assumes the same data plan in communication line. The service targets travellers, immigrants as well as students from overseas. The service focuses on providing quality voice and providing value-added services (The Guardian. 2011). Advancements in Information Communications Technology (ICT) provides good platform for internet services which can easily be incorporated within cell phones. Such advancement has made it possible for other related companie s within the industry to execute their services through internet search engines such as Google, Amazon and Yahoo amongst others. Consumers are capable of accessing information just by clicking required items through websites provided in their handsets. Utilization of information outflows has at the same time enabled popular interactive advertising through blog sites. The new trend in communication through improvised networks has given new face to the Information Communication Technology enabling global participation in the mobile phone market. The process at the same time enables easy review and evaluation of the various consumer experiences globally (The Guardian. 2011). Within the current technology, the use of Smart phones has eminently dominated the market and this provides Grapple Mobile with the advantage of reinforcing their services, because of the phone’s unique capabilities. Preferably, being considered and valued amongst many as excellent device for provision of in formation and entertainment to the ever advancing generation. The kind of technology embedded within the phone makes it easier the process of installing various applications provided by Grapple as well as disseminating information to the targeted audiences (The Guardian. 2011). How Grapple Mobile Company conducts boundary spanning activities around the world The recent developments in technology have greatly reshaped the nature of distributed work around the globe especially to companies such as Grapple Mobile. However, research reveals that dispersed works have got various challenges as well as advantages. At times it leads to misattributions and communication breakdowns as well as communication and collaboration. Despite such problems there is significant rise in company’s functions being performed across the world, since the cost of working in some regions seem affordable contributing to increased globalization hence engaging in distributed work. The idea of spanning bound aries within Grapple Mobile has also contributed towards workers learning across their differences making them more creative and innovative. Grapple Mobile Company has moved from hierarchical structure towards network based structure which makes it possible for the company to coordinate well with other mobile phone providers (SMS Gateway, 2010). Figure 2: Boundary spanning knowledge brokering for Grapple Mobile Company The company applies the use of informal brokering to pass knowledge across boundaries by first of all identifying the specific technology needed within specific markets. This is followed by the formation of interpersonal relationships with colleagues since diversity and innovation are critical to the development of Grapple’s services. The formal brokering is also considered in making administrative work possible in different locations in their defined languages (SMS Gateway, 2010). The various modes of dispersion the company uses have helped in creation of se veral boundaries such as distal, temporal and disciplinary. Grapple mobile utilizes increased use interpersonal network necessitated by the use of available technology services. However, the frame of references bridged by broker knowledge tends to differ across locations (Levy, 1999). The company’s ability to improvise the use of Information Communication Technology through phones has enabled new and innovative ways of reaching large numbers of potential clients compared to other companies. The inclusion of creative technologies such as Ad Words makes it possible for companies to operate online businesses with lots of ease. They also utilize the social sites through the cell phones for the same purpose of capturing the market. Indication of the challenges the Grapple Mobile organization faces from the competitive and technology standpoint and the possible organization strategies Grapple Mobile faces the challenge of accommodating the low prices charged by other competitors wi thin the market. There is also possibility of offering low quality services within the industry due to the competition between companies and at the same time dealing with counterfeit products. Lowering costs for services may make Grapple Mobile to lose profits hence reduce their market share. The company faces another challenge on dealing with the right people. The services of the company require regular commercial customers. Grapple Mobile needs to build good reputation by positioning as tasty target for acquisition. Mobile users in the market demands more interactivity necessary for sharing and distribution of content (Lakhani and Pannetta, 2007). There is clear indication within the market showing that mere use of mobile applications may not lead to direct benefits. The process of adopting Internet applications through the mobile demonstrates fewer benefits in line with reduced transaction costs and improved efficiency. Co-ordination of services within the industry proves crucial since the use of the Internet through cell phones does not lead to reduction of information sharing costs, but at the same time the services solve much of users reading and interpretation limitations (Slywotzky, 1995). There is also challenge in strategic utilization of business information which is always of the utmost importance to majority of the client. However, Grapple Mobile Company could maximize the use of information transfers which help in establishing benefits from information technology like shorter lead times and affordable batches. The ability to save on time gives an advantage towards efficiency in information sharing which might be of benefit to the company’s operation costs (Lakhani and Pannetta, 2007). Grapple Mobile could at the same time utilize the concept of integration which enables easier company’s operations within the corporate world. This ensures that the company’s services are provided in full cooperation with other partner mobile ph one providers within the industry. The level of consumer demand could be spanned through the use of virtual enterprises via electronic devices. Such a trend is capable of creating tremendous changes within the company and at the same time granting competitive advantage. The changes within the Company should incorporate both suppliers within the industry and consumers which may as well ultimately result into reductions in cycle time and the overall cost of operations (Lakhani and Pannetta, 2007). At the same time the needs to improve on its boundary spanning techniques which could as well help in the alignment of performance goals across regions through improvement in the level of cooperation. With the improvement in new technologies which enables electronic applications from production level to distribution within the marketplace, Grapple Mobile is able to pre-condition their various management practices. The degree of partnerships between the mobile phone service providers and manu facturers determines the probable outcomes within the supply chain hence enabling the integration of the whole processes ensuring quality supplies to consumers (Slywotzky, 1995). How Grapple Mobile should be organized in order to efficiently manage inflows and outflows of information Due to the rapid growth experienced by Grapple Mobile, the process of building a strong reputation, brand awareness and communicating the right messages presents a vital process in the company’s development. The company should reinforce the nature of their Public Relations and Marketing Management processes by including a range of ad hoc duties which includes improvement in news searches, writing press releases, arranging and organizing events as well as creating company newsletter. There is also the need for Grapple Mobile to indulge in in-depth research concerning mobile related data and at the same time remain relevant to the trends and shifts in the mobile and marketing industries through sal es and business news in the corporate world. Conclusion On most of the occasions Grapple mobile have focused on creativity which provides appropriate responses to consumers’ technological needs. Such include innovating new methods of mobile phone entertainment. The main issue of focus within boundary spanning activities of Grapple Mobile is creativity. Majority of the company’s Information Communication Technology wave centres a round the use of internet and Smart phones utilizing their abilities to combine various applications at one point (Levy, 1999).This works well with two-way rather than one-way traditional mass communication methods. Reference List Belk, J. 2006. Vendor Viewpoint: Why 3G Networks will accelerate the use of  Advanced Camera Phones. Web. Bhide, A. 2008. Innovation in America: A Gathering Storm? The Economist, 11 (22) Heatley, D. 2011. App developer Grapple Mobile. Web. International Communications Research. 2007. Growth of multiple cell phones  Ownership. Web. Lakhani, K. R, Pannetta, J. A. 2007. The Principles of Distributed Innovation.  Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 2, (3), pp 97–112. Levy, P. 1999. Collective Intelligence: Mankinds Emerging World in Cyberspace. NY; Basic Books. Slywotzky, A. J. 1995. Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the  Competition. (1st Ed). Washington; Harvard Business Press. SMS Gateway. 2010. Organization chart during operation. Web. The Guardian. 2011. Changing media summit 2011. Web.

Georges Cuvier Biography

Georges Cuvier Biography Early Life and Education: Born August 23, 1769 - Died May 13, 1832 Georges Cuvier was born on August 23, 1769 to Jean George Cuvier and Anne Clemence Chatel. He grew up in the town of Montbeliard in the Jura Mountains of France. While he was a child, his mother tutored him in addition to his formal schooling making him much more advanced than his classmates. In 1784, Georges went away to the Carolinian Academy in Stuttgart, Germany. Upon graduation in 1788, he took a position as a tutor for a noble family in Normandy. Not only did this position keep him out of the French Revolution, it also gave him the opportunity to begin studying nature and eventually become a prominent Naturalist. In 1795, Cuvier moved to Paris and became a professor of Animal Anatomy at Musà ©e National dHistoire Naturelle. He was later appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to various government positions related to education. Personal Life: In 1804, Georges Cuvier met and married Anne Marie Coquet de Trazaille. She had been widowed during the French Revolution and had four children. Georges and Anne Marie went on to have four children of their own. Unfortunately, only one of those children, a daughter, survived past infancy. Biography: Georges Cuvier was actually a very vocal opponent to the Theory of Evolution. In his 1797 published work entitled Elementary Survey of the Natural History of Animals, Cuvier hypothesized that since all of the different animals he had studied have such specialized and different anatomy, they must not have changed at all since the creation of the Earth. Most zoologists of the time period thought an animals structure was what determined where they lived and how they behaved. Cuvier proposed the opposite. He believed that the structure and function of organs in animals was determined by how they interacted with the environment. His Correlation of Parts hypothesis emphasized that all organs worked together within the body and how they worked was directly a result of their environment. Cuvier also studied many fossils. In fact, legend has it that he would be able to reconstruct a diagram of an animal based off of a single bone that had been found. His extensive studies led him to be one of the first scientists to create a classification system for animals. Georges realized there was no possible way that all animals could be fit into a linear system from most simple in structure all the way up to humans. Georges Cuvier was the most vocal opponent to Jean Baptiste Lamarck and his ideas of evolution. Lamarck was a proponent of the linear system of classification and that there were no constant species. Cuviers main argument against Lamarcks ideas was that important organ systems, like the nervous system or cardiovascular system, did not change or lose function like other less important organs did. The presence of vestigial structures was the cornerstone of Lamarcks theory. Perhaps the most well known of Georges Cuviers ideas comes from his 1813 published work called Essay on the Theory of the Earth. In this, he hypothesized that new species came into being after catastrophic floods, such as the flood described in the Bible when Noah built the ark. This theory is now known as catastrophism. Cuvier thought that only the highest of the mountain tops were immune to the floods. These ideas were not very well received by the overall scientific community, but more religious based organizations embraced the idea. Even though Cuvier was anti-evolution during his lifetime, his work actually helped give Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace a starting point for their studies of evolution. Cuviers insistence that there was more than one lineage of animals and that organ structure and function depended on the environment helped shaped the idea of Natural Selection.

Sustainability and the Green Supply Chain Essay - 1

Sustainability and the Green Supply Chain - Essay Example In light of the concern for environmental safety, businesses are giving increasing importance to take environmental friendly initiatives in their operations. There are a number of driving forces for the companies to implement green supply chain in their business practices. The implementation of green supply chain and other environment friendly practices not only add to the corporate social responsibility portfolio of the company but also enhance sustainability and competitive advantage in the changing global scenario. The major international businesses have successfully implemented business practices such as eco-efficiency, cleaner production systems and an effective environmental management system in their processes. The major drivers influencing the use of environmental friendly processes are regulatory compliances, risk management, increasing efficiency and market expectations. The use of a supply chain environmental management (SCEM) starts from identifying suppliers pertaining t o the environmental performances and conducting the business in the proper manner to maintain adherence with the regulatory requirements. The implementation of the green supply chain management plays the most important role in ensuring that all the environmental concerns are addressed along with maximizing the efficiency and sustainability of the business. The green supply chain is adopted by businesses to decrease the environmental risks and increase the profits and market share for the business. In the recent few years it has been clearly observed that the businesses which are able to minimize the ecological impacts of their production processes and which have implemented the concepts of recycling wastage and environmental management have been able to expand their business and also displace the players who have not maintained an efficient environmental performance in their processes. Discussion Sustainable and green supply chain management has emerged as necessary approaches for t he businesses to remain environmentally sustainable as well as maintain their competitive advantage. The implementation of a green supply chain management in a business benefits the business in a number of ways the most critical being achieving sustainability (Florida, 1996, pp.80-105). The use of a green supply chain management system is a complex process starting with the identification of key processes, adherence to the environmental laws, assessing the benefits to the environment and the society, designing an efficient performance measurement system, evaluating alternatives for suppliers, vendors and distributors and implementing procedures for improvement (Beamon, 1999, pp.332-342). The different environmental management practices adopted by a business have a significant effect on the operation as well as the performance of the business (Erasmus, 2000, pp.28-33). The evaluation of the environmental approaches taken up by organizations has shown significant relationship between the environmental management system

Analysis of PJR Designs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of PJR Designs - Case Study Example These are the first people who team up to register a company, corporation or a business set up. A majority of entrepreneurial skills enhances survival and copes with the stiff competition in the market. Most of these skills range from unique business strategies, development of consumer products through technology to guidelines for the achievements of the above (Daft, 2010: P 91). They provide guidance to companies, clear objectives, and priorities for successful ventures. Other tasks may entail supervising the acquisition of property, expansion, organization and all powers in disposing of assets. They are in charge of some department in the company and assume everyday administration of the company. In rank, they are below the executives but above the common employees. They possess a high understanding of the working of the company, very skilled in leading the other employees and managing them. They are to supervise, in person or through others, the workforce and make amicable decisions on behalf of the company (Daft, 2010: P 218). He has powers to appoint and fire employees deemed unproductive to ensure positive productivity. The productivity of a company is possible through determination of the number of units produced in a given period. The production responsibility squarely rests upon the production manager. The responsibility for ensuring that all systems are running and meeting deadlines lie to him. Acquisition of orders for production and assigning of personnel to do the job also forms part of his/her work. He gives directions on the work done, and when the need arises, gives recommendations on the staff or the types and kinds of machines required to enhance productivity (Daft, 2010: P 216). The export manager represents the company in the international business phase. The responsibility of attaining targets from international clients lay at his shoulders, and the meeting of deadlines (Tripathi & Reddy 2006: P. 95). The functions of shipping products for export and other modes of ensuring that the products reach the global market in time lies under him.  

Vedanta and Yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vedanta and Yoga - Essay Example Rather than a firm communal set of beliefs, the religion stays as a composite of diverse philosophical and intellectual viewpoints with no single founding pioneer. The smriti and sruti of Hindu texts encompass philosophy, temple building, theology and rituals amid other subjects of the Hindu religion. Agamas, Upanishads and Vedas constitute some of the leading scriptures of Hinduism. Hinduism stands in the third position after Christianity and Islam worldwide (Rinehart 2004, pp. 155-177). This paper seeks to outline ways in which the Vedanta and Yoga introduced a revolutionary new aspect to Hindu religion. Vedanta encompasses the theoretical foundation of classical Hinduism formed from Upanishads whereas Yoga entails the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali approaches in generic Hinduism. Attacks became launched by the Upanishads of age to increase the concentration on rituals. In this regard, the different monistic theories of the Upanishads became incorporated into a theistic context by the Bh agavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture. In the early centuries, several Hindu based philosophical schools became formally organized together with Vedanta and Yoga. Moreover, the development of Indian philosophies came along with the booming of both Buddhist and Hindu philosophies from the fifth to the ninth century. Vedanta emerged as the most solitary prevailing and influential philosophical school of thought. As a result, Sanskritic culture declined following the Gupta period. In addition, a religious convention became established among the pre-educated ethnic societies going through acculturation under the influence of the first medieval Purunas. Similarly, Dharmashastras and Brahmamic codes of Hinduism beliefs also experienced drastic transformations under the Purana authors. This resulted into the emergence of conventional Hinduism that in turn dominated over all formerly known traditions (Rinehart 2004, 179-202). Pujas based Hindu gods eventually replaced the Buddha royal spher es in the eighth century. In the same period, the Buddha royal spheres also became transformed into a Vishnu avatar. Additionally, the academic discipline of studying Indian culture on a European viewpoint came to be introduced in the nineteenth century. Certain societies endeavored to incorporate and bring together Dharmic and Abrahamic philosophies in establishing societal reforms. The same period also marked the emergence of very innovative movements founded on the teachings and personalities of individuals which remained deep-rooted in the aboriginal tradition of the religion. Moreover, prominent philosophers of Hinduism reframed, transformed and provided the religion’s introductory manuscripts for present-day audiences in new restatements in order to raise Vedanta and Yoga profiles in the West as well as attracting attention and followers (Sivananda 1999, n.p.). Vedanta indicates atman to be inarticulate from Brahman’s in the end, and that the objective of life wo uld be to recognize that an individual’s atman stays indistinguishable from that of Brahman. According to the Upanishads, an individual completely conscious of atman as the personal significance of one’s own self comprehends a personality with Brahman and in so doing reaches moksha. Hence, moksha relies on God’s grace and love towards Him whereas atman relies on God. Traditional Vedanta considered pratyaksa and anumana to be valid but inferior while shabda pramana to be the most dependable wealth of knowledge. Also, Vedantic philosophies became systemized into a single coherent discourse.

Selected Motets by Josquin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Selected Motets by Josquin - Essay Example Josquin probably born in France across the border from Hainaut (modern day Belgium) which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. According to the article "Josquin des Prez" which was written by Lora Matthews and Paul Merkley, and was published in The Journal Of Musicology, Summer 1998, "des Prez" was a nickname, and Josquin's family name was "Lebloitte". Josquin was often identified as a singer in the Cathedral of Milan in 1459 (Josquin des Pres 1), however, recent information reveals that Josquin did not go to Italy until the early 1480s (Josquin des Prez 3) Some records state that he became a choirboy in the collegiate church of Saint Quentin. His very first lessons in counterpoint were probably given by Johannes Ockeghem, whom he greatly admired throughout his lifetime. This experienced at Saint Quentin are thought to be the composer's foundation of his later connections with French Royal Chapel (Josquin des Pres 4). Josquin's first definite record of employment reveals that he was a singer at the chapel of Rene, Duke of Anjou in Aix-en Province. Scholars speculate that he may have transferred to Paris along with the rest of the chapel in 1948. Josquin became a member of the papal choir under Pope Innocent VIII. He spent the late 1490s in France probably in the service of Louis XII and probably stayed there until 1503 when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there. Josquin was then forced to return to Italy (Josquin des Prez 5). During his stay in Ferrara, Josquin wrote his more famous pieces such as the Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae and the setting of Misserere, Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged as one of his masterpieces. However, his stay in Ferrara lasted only for a year as he went to his hometown in Conde to evade the outbreak of the plague. He reaped immense fame in his hometown until his death in 1521 (Josquin des Prez 6). His Compositions Josquin's works include a variety of musical compositions ranging from masses, mass fragments, motets and chansons. From the list of his work, we can say that he is a prolific composer as he was able to write 19 masses, seven mass fragments, 60 motets, and 66 chansons (Josquin des Prez 7). Selected Motets A motet is a polyphonic composition based on a plain song. In fact, the Latin word for motet describes the movement of the different voices against one another. According to Margaret Bent (1997), "'a piece of music in several parts with words' is as precise a definition of the motet as will serve from the thirteenth to the late sixteenth century and beyond. This is actually very close to one of the earliest descriptions we have, that of the late thirteenth-century theorist Johannes de Grocheio (qtd. in Motet 2)." Ave Verum Josquin's motet, Ave Verum is typically used in the Holy Communion and Feasts of the Blessed Sacrament. As with his other musical compositions, this motet was written in Latin text (Ave Verum1). Analysis Set in three voices rooted in the traditional Gregorian communion hymn, this motet "paraphrases

IT Architectural Considerations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Architectural Considerations - Case Study Example IT Architectural Considerations a. IT characteristics i. Accessibility Accessibility of the centralized sales and product system will be highly restrictive to specific people who will use the system to play specific roles or undertake specific purposes. On the whole, the sales IT manager shall be the head of the system and so he shall have full access to the system. All sales departmental heads shall also have access to the system but they shall not have access to manipulate data put into the system in any way. This is because accounts data are very crucial for determining the progress of the company and need not be tampered with. Finally, accountants and auditors shall have access to the data in the system but shall not have access to operate the system in any way. ii. Availability Since sales, payment and product registration go on in the company on regular basis, the system shall be available for use on regular basis by those who are permitted to have access to it. As often and re gularly as sales are made in any department or any branch of the company, payment input shall be made into the system so that the system will have to record the payment and undertake a comprehensive summation at the head office of the sales. iii. Portability One of the most outstanding advantages of the new technology for the sales and products department is its portability. This is because the framework of the system has been designed to centralize all accounts records of the company. This means that there will not be little fragments of account data to deal with: therefore making the system very portable and handy. One aspect of the system that makes it even more portable is the fact that the system will not be accessible to a lot more people. iv. Reliability The system has been designed on the bases of reliability and accuracy. For instance data entered into the sales and payment system cannot be manipulated in any way by any body expect by the senior sales IT officer. This means that the company shall have reliable sales and payment records. The situation whereby some people are likely to embezzle funds will thus be catered for under the system. The company shall there be expectant of financial growth henceforth b. security aspects as they relate to the technology solution i. Authentication & Authorization Authentication and authorization are important components of any IT system especially when it deals with accounts figures. Wells (1996) explains that â€Å"authentication tools provide the ability to determine the identity of a party to an interaction and to ensure that a message came from who it claims to have come from.† Based on this background, all operators of sales machines have been given registered for a special verification process that makes use of thumbprint. Users therefore have to register their thumbprints into the sales machines before they can access it. Without this verification, data recorded into the sales machine will not be re corded by the new IT system. ii. Prevention & Resistance Any technology system that does not focus on prevention and resistance lacks a good security basis. For this reason, no matter the authentication and authorization features incorporated into the system, the way must be paved for any security breaches to be prevented all together (Purpura,2002). For this reason, a prevention

Selected Motets by Josquin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Selected Motets by Josquin - Essay Example Josquin probably born in France across the border from Hainaut (modern day Belgium) which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. According to the article "Josquin des Prez" which was written by Lora Matthews and Paul Merkley, and was published in The Journal Of Musicology, Summer 1998, "des Prez" was a nickname, and Josquin's family name was "Lebloitte". Josquin was often identified as a singer in the Cathedral of Milan in 1459 (Josquin des Pres 1), however, recent information reveals that Josquin did not go to Italy until the early 1480s (Josquin des Prez 3) Some records state that he became a choirboy in the collegiate church of Saint Quentin. His very first lessons in counterpoint were probably given by Johannes Ockeghem, whom he greatly admired throughout his lifetime. This experienced at Saint Quentin are thought to be the composer's foundation of his later connections with French Royal Chapel (Josquin des Pres 4). Josquin's first definite record of employment reveals that he was a singer at the chapel of Rene, Duke of Anjou in Aix-en Province. Scholars speculate that he may have transferred to Paris along with the rest of the chapel in 1948. Josquin became a member of the papal choir under Pope Innocent VIII. He spent the late 1490s in France probably in the service of Louis XII and probably stayed there until 1503 when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there. Josquin was then forced to return to Italy (Josquin des Prez 5). During his stay in Ferrara, Josquin wrote his more famous pieces such as the Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae and the setting of Misserere, Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged as one of his masterpieces. However, his stay in Ferrara lasted only for a year as he went to his hometown in Conde to evade the outbreak of the plague. He reaped immense fame in his hometown until his death in 1521 (Josquin des Prez 6). His Compositions Josquin's works include a variety of musical compositions ranging from masses, mass fragments, motets and chansons. From the list of his work, we can say that he is a prolific composer as he was able to write 19 masses, seven mass fragments, 60 motets, and 66 chansons (Josquin des Prez 7). Selected Motets A motet is a polyphonic composition based on a plain song. In fact, the Latin word for motet describes the movement of the different voices against one another. According to Margaret Bent (1997), "'a piece of music in several parts with words' is as precise a definition of the motet as will serve from the thirteenth to the late sixteenth century and beyond. This is actually very close to one of the earliest descriptions we have, that of the late thirteenth-century theorist Johannes de Grocheio (qtd. in Motet 2)." Ave Verum Josquin's motet, Ave Verum is typically used in the Holy Communion and Feasts of the Blessed Sacrament. As with his other musical compositions, this motet was written in Latin text (Ave Verum1). Analysis Set in three voices rooted in the traditional Gregorian communion hymn, this motet "paraphrases

Television analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Television analysis - Essay Example The show turns values upside down and illustrates the American family as acting in ways that are completely opposite of what they preach and pretend to believe. Family Guy is a show that tells us that we are all dysfunctional and our world is not as we would like to believe. The setting of the show is in Quahog, Rhode Island, a not so subtle suburb of Providence. Here is the seat of the founding of America portrayed as a town where anything is possible and Peter Griffin can act out in ways that would lead to arrest anywhere else on earth. According to critic Ahsan Haque, "Some of the most offensive jokes ever attempted on Family Guy were featured in this season". Though Rhode Island is rich in American history, the only view of it that is offered to the viewer is the bar where Peter and his disturbing friends drink. The Griffins are shown to be the average American family, with three children and a dog. Peter is an Irish Catholic and supposedly hard working blue-collar type. However, we never see Peter working or engaging in anything productive. The show teaches the viewer that the white American working class is crass, mentally disturbed, and probably unemployed. This is no doubt founded in some truth, but Peter Griffin relishes in taking on one hair brained scheme after another, with little regard for the well-being, property, or life of others. If this were a sitcom involving a minority race or ethnicity, it would be picketed for stereotyping outside the cultural foul line. The demographics of the Griffins may be average, but the portrayal is certainly not. It is satirizing the cultural and religious values that the country was founded on. The fashion that Peter disregards the health and well-being of others is magnified by the shows treatment of women. Here again, the white American male is shown to be a rude and uncompromising misogynist. Peter constantly berates his wife Lois, as well as belittling

Nightmares. The moment of terror Essay Example for Free

Nightmares. The moment of terror Essay The moment of terror you feel when being chased by a masked killer, running for your life through a dark alley. You cry out and scream for help but no one can hear you. You fall, and before you know it, the masked killer is standing right in front of you. He pulls out an axe and you wake up drenched in sweat, realizing it was all just a nightmare. We all have experienced this moment, maybe more than once. Nightmares can be very disturbing because it is hard to understand what produces it and why it acts a certain way. Nightmare is defined as a dream during the rapid eye movement, which provokes intense negative feeling, such as panic, fear, terror, or anxiety. Everyone has experienced a nightmare one time or another in his or her lifetime. But what happens when nightmares start occurring constantly? The fact is more children experience nightmares more frequently than adults. It is estimated that 50 % of the population does not experience nightmares, according to research done by Tucker Shaw. Approximately 5 to 10% of the population only remembers nightmares once a month, but only small percentage of the population remember nightmares that are disturbing enough effect their lives. According to Freud, the first psychologist who paid much attention to dreams, stated that nightmares occur based on painful experiences of the past, to startling events that occurred in childhood and even birth itself. These alarming memories of the past left behind psychic problems that an helpless infant could not solve in that given time period. In fact, any grieving experience may leave a nightmare sufferer in angst and guilt. In this perspective, built is associated with the energy used for repetition of undesirable thoughts occurring in both real life and dreams. A person constantly dreams about â€Å"unfinished† situation until that person is able to work through their guilt or angst. Freud called this situation a repetition compulsion. This pattern was also portrayed in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth wants Macbeth to kill the kind, first she does not feel any guilt for committing such a sin. But her guilt occurs itself in a nightmare, which makes her go insane. A physical illness can also cause nightmares, but it is not yet proven whether it is the illness or the stress that causes it. Neurological disorder can also be the cause associated with the occurrence of nightmares such as epilepsy and postencephalitic Parkinsonism. Stressful events in a person’s life such as time of midterms/finals, jobs, moves, or the loss of a significant, can all produce nightmares. One proven generalization of nightmares is that it always leaves a person feeling helpless. In frequent nightmares that involve getting chased by masked killer, or falling off a cliff, generally leaves the dreamer in distress and feeling powerless. A decrease in nightmares usually occurs as a dreamer becomes more confident, and more mature. There are some myths about nightmares that are associated with demons or evil spirits that can be the cause of these unpleasant dreams. Some people believe that a person feels an anxiety attack when a demon is pressing up against a dreamer’s chest during their sleep. These anxiety attacks occurring during sleep were considered a form of black magic, or even affiliated with possession. Some people also believe that eating something distasteful before going to sleep maybe also be the cause of it, but there isn’t any solid evidence for these myths. In psychology, there are different perspectives to nightmares. Some scholars believe that nightmares have no actual function. However, others believe that nightmares reflect the actual fears and attitudes of the dreamer. In this study, a nightmare appears as a process of events that occurred during the day. Latest study proves that dreams do have an important function. â€Å"Evidence suggests that dreaming, like most other physiologic events, is important for learning and memory processing, gives cognitive feedback about a person’s mental functioning and helps a person adapt to emotional and physical stress† (Moffitt, 1993, p. 118). The themes of nightmares seem to be quite universal. These nightmares have symbolic interpretation and show the part of personality where a problem most likely exits in real life. It seems as if nightmares have complex function. References Nightmares. 123HelpMe.com. 30 Sep 2013 . Time life books. Dreams and Dreaming. 1990 Time life Books Inc. Tucker, Shaw. Dreams. New York: 17th Street, 2000.

Impact of Normans Conquest on Ireland

Impact of Normans Conquest on Ireland Daragh Mc Mullan    Use archaeological, historical and literary evidence to assess the impact of the Norman conquest on Irelands political, social, economic and cultural systems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland Introduction The Norman conquest of Ireland commenced in 1169, the immediate aftermath saw Ireland under a rotation of control by Anglo Norman lords and the King of England with challenge from the Irish.   Up to this point, Ireland had seen recurrent conflict between provincial kingdoms who strived for High King status and the arrival of the Normans would throw what structure the Irish had into disarray.   The invaders had a long history with conquering foreign lands but this time there were numerous distractions and troublesome conquests elsewhere to deal with.   These distractions would almost result in a loss of control in Ireland and defeat to the native Irish. (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm, n.d.) Political Impact In the mid-12th and early 13th century there was major political change for the Irish.   The King of England made Ireland a Lordship of his own empire and because of this the Irish went from securing title by defeat of local rivals to battling for possession of their own land from foreigners.   The formation of the Parliament of Ireland in 1297 allowed the Anglo-Norman Lords to exercise control and implement their politics.   At this time the island was politically divided into several overkingdoms, the main focal point was the Abbey.   The Irish legal system known as the Brehon Law continued outside the controlled area but prisons were established as per Henry IIs reforms. Overall the Norman political impact was substantial but it lacked structure and more importantly continuity, and the troublesome times during the early and mid-14th century resulted in a loss of control and Ireland was far from under complete control of the British for over the two centuries that followed. Social Cultural Impact The social and cultural landscape of Ireland experienced changes, some events were devastating namely the famine and the Black Death.   Some events, while chaotic, had good intention.   The invasion by Robert the Bruce brought fierce battle against the English lords, there was extensive destruction and eventually the Scot was defeated but during the clash Irish families regained control of lands lost to them in previous combat.   During the settlement period the Normans living outside Dublin and the area known as The Pale embraced the Irish language and their customs, they married into the clans, and coincidentally the native Irish also became like the Normans in many ways.   Even today we still have evidence of this in the provinces of Munster and Leinster with many Norman origin surnames, Power, Roche and Burke. Towns were perhaps the Normans greatest contribution to their new conquest.   The increase in population saw the nobles invest in the construction of walled towns, numerous castles and churches changed Ireland and a system of counties commenced in 1297.   The Church made a move to centre the congregation diocese . (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm, n.d.) Economic Impact The Norman invasion brought a lot of changes to the economic situation in Ireland.  Ã‚   The economy was mainly based on cows, sheep, pigs, goats and the products they produced.   Cattle was the main asset as it provided milk, butter, cheese and meat.   A herd of any type was considered a wealth and had the added benefit that it could be moved to safety in times of war.   The Normans began to import tenants to occupy and work their newly acquired lands, horticulture was practiced prior to the Norman settlement, the main crops being oats, wheat and barley, but this increased during this time.   This would boost the agricultural trade and was one of the many changes brought by the Norman invasion and occupation of Ireland.   They introduced feudalism to the existing native tribal-dynastic crop-sharing system.   Feudalism was intended to introduce cash payments into farming.   Money was rarely used in medieval Gaelic society, as payment was normally made in goods or serv ice. (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm, n.d.) Conclusion The transition from a nation to being part of the Tudor conquest was a turbulent road for the Irish.  Ã‚   In the end the continuous rebellion was not enough to free them from the grasp of the expanding British Crowned forces.   They co-existed to a certain extent with the placed nobles and later with the Hiberno Normans but the Monarchy expected a respect from the Gaelic Irish that just would not be given.   The decline of the Monastic Abbeys and then the pressure on Christianity by newly founded rival churches and the implication of surrender and regrant where the Irish had to abandon their land, culture and religion in exchange for an English earldom meant that the ordinary native Irish people stood little chance at retaining their identity against the Tudor expansion. (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm, n.d.) Barry, T. (1987). The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland. London: Routledge. Ellis, S. G. (1998). Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1447-1603. London: Longman. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm. (n.d.). http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1200.htm. (n.d.). http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm. (n.d.). http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm. (n.d.). http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm. (n.d.). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)#cite_note-2. (n.d.).

Romanticism, Realism and Emily Dickinson :: Romanticism Realism Emily Dickinson

Romanticism, Realism and Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson wrote at the tail end of the Romantic period, and even though she was influenced by some of the ideals of Romanticism, is most commonly known as a writer from the Realist era. However, her writing embodies the defining characteristics that are identified with each of these periods. The main characteristic of Romanticism that Emily Dickinson portrays in her writing is the emphases of the importance of Nature to the Romantics. In most of her poems there is some mention or comparison to something found in Nature. In Poem 449, she refers to the moss that covers the names on the graves of the tombstones of â€Å"Beauty† and â€Å"Truth.† The Puritans believed Nature to be the realm of the devil. By including references to Nature in many of her poems, she was rebelling against the ideals of the Puritan upbringing she had hated so much. Realists are considered to be concerned with poverty, extortion and the negative aspects of life; the harsh realities of life. In Poem 216, Emily uses words to create a metaphor for the Puritan way of life. She reveals how much they distance themselves from others and how living a Puritan way of life is much like walking on earth dead. In many ways, she mocks the wealthy Puritans too. It was their belief to not spend their money, but rather save it. In Poem 216, she is saying that all the money the Puritans obtain in life is spent on their tombstones since they are not allowed to enjoy their riches in this life. Many of her poems deal with death or dying, but this is simply a metaphor to express how bleak life has come to be in the present. Realists were also trying to push for social reform through their writing, hinting at what may happen if reforms do not take place. Emily Dickinson views the Puritan life as a life that oppresses people from the joys it can bring. Puritans try to live a life full of hard work and little pleasure since pleasure is a thing of the devil.

Gandhi’s Campaign Methods Essay

It’s clear that Gandhi’s campaigns of non-cooperation and attending political meetings with high ranked British officials during the early 1930s, were hugely significant as they mounted pressure on the Raj, leaving the British with no other alternative than to make concessions towards the nationalists. However, Purna Swaraj wasn’t achieved by Gandhi’s campaigns in the 1930s, due to the limitations of his methods as he was unable to cooperate and negotiate with the British. Conversely, demands for nationalism increased across India and the British began to lose any moral authority they had over the Indians. Gandhi’s methods of non-violent, civil disobedience were hugely effective in turning many Indians against British rule, increasing demands for Purna Swaraj and attacking the revenue that the British relied on to survive within India. Source 1 is a declaration written by Gandhi, a speech in which was broadcasted on Independence Day. The symbolism of broadcasting this speech across the whole of India on the 26th January 1930, shows Gandhi’s purpose of targeting the masses to enthuse them on a day of huge importance, to rise up against the ‘inhuman rule’ they’re being controlled under. ‘Inhuman rule’ emphasises how the British were keeping the Indians in subordination within no care or consideration for the wellbeing of its subjects. This is witnessed with the tax that the British put on salt. Salt is a necessity for every Indians health and survival due to living in such hot climates, so consequently, the British revenue increased as they knew every Indian had to purchase it in order to survive. However, Gandhi wanted to ‘stop the payment of taxes without violence’ and thus, publicised the boycott of salt tax with his salt march on 12th March 1930. Initially, the British disregarded it and treat it as a joke, until it caught the attention of the worlds press as a result of Gandhi connecting with the supportive masses, and drawing in tens of thousands at prayer meetings and gatherings before the actual march. This contradicts the view of Lawrence James in source 3, who believes the Indians had ‘never come close to toppling the Raj’, as source 1 makes it explicit that the increasing animosity and non-payment of taxes, generated by Gandhi, concerned the British a great deal. Gandhi directly attacked the Raj as he declared it a ‘crime’ to submit to its rule in hope he could connect with the Indians and encourage them to follow his lead. He successfully did this as a result of the Salt March. Although only 78 of his supporters followed him on the entire march, many other Indians got involved. On route of the march, many Indian officials resigned from their posts. Elsewhere, another march was organised in South India were protests in Bombay, the North West Frontier Province and 2000 non-violent demonstrators at a salt production plant in Dharasana were attacked to the ground by police. This again is evidence of the ‘inhuman rule’ Gandhi speaks about in hi s declaration, and consequently shows why the British lost a lot of moral authority over the Indians. Source 2 explicitly shows that Gandhi’s non-violent campaign methods were effective at challenging the Raj and allowing them no other option that to begin making political concessions towards the activists. It adds a lot of weight to source 1 as it shows the effectiveness of Gandhi’s campaigns in relation to the British response. Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India at the time, recognised that ‘political dialogue’ was the only way forward from the current position in 1931, due to the increasing hostility in India that was becoming a huge threat to the Empire. Consequently the Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on the 5th March 1931 which was an agreement between both Gandhi and Irwin. The most significant aspect of this wasn’t the agreements themselves, which saw many political prisoners released, Indian officials reassigned and future political changes to be in the interest of India, but more so the fact that Gandhi was seen as an equal to a leading British official. This in itself unleashed hope that the British would start showing respect and help the Indians advance politically. It’s clear from source 2 that Irwin showed some respect for Indians as he states that the ultimate purpose for India is not to be under ‘perpetual subordination’ in the British Empire. This too conflicts with source 3 as it suggests the British have come to the realisation that they cannot hold on and control India forever, due to the increase in non-cooperation amongst the masses as a result of Gandhi’s campaigns and in the aftermath of the second round table conference. This conference was held in Britain on 7th September 1931, which aimed to start negotiations towards Indians progression to self rule. However, it achieved nothing due to Gandhi demanding nothing less than Purna Swaraj and thus blocked any further negotiations and progress for India. In addition to this, his arrogant approach in being the only representative to speak for eve ry Indian angered many groups within the population, in particular the untouchables. Source 2 therefore shows that Gandhi’s campaigning methods were limited, and only effective to a certain extent. As this modern source was written by Tim Leadbitter, a writer for academic studies, we can trust that his view is objective. However, he does express his own opinion when stating that Irwin ‘rightly’ recognised the dangers of mass movements. This is unusual in textbooks which are used for academic purposes and could cause the reader to believe his opinion is actually fact. Nevertheless, put in context its clear that the mass movements were a threat to the Raj and so followed awaited Government of India Act of 1935. The provisions of the act were too little too late and although it provided Indians with provincial control, it achieved no advancement in central or higher administration, and the electorate was still less than 10% of the overall population. Congress did benefit hugely from the 1937 election and in effect became the leading party in India wh ich in turn caused resentment and anger from the Muslim League. By this time, Gandhi lost his campaigning momentum after his arrest in 1931 however that is not to say the small but significant successes of the 1935 Government of India Act wasn’t a result of Gandhi’s campaigning efforts. Source 3 contradicts the evidence in sources 1 and 2 and completely disregards any lack of progress being made by Gandhi and the Indian nationalists in the 1930s, with the non-violent campagns. It takes facts at face value as James takes a broad sweep over the British Empire. As a result, his account ignores the underlying pressures and Gandhi’s non-violent methods that challenged the British rule in India. James undermines Gandhi’s efforts by stating they ‘never came close’ to toppling the Raj, therefore believing that the civil disobedience and non-cooperation as a result of Gandhi’s campaigns, were too weak to put even the slightest dent in the British hold on India. However source 2 explicitly opposes this as the British Viceroy Lord Irwin recognises the need to show that the British are willing to help India progress politically, to prevent further unrest and mass movements witnessed after the Salt March. The resulting 1935 Government of India Act and 1937 elections weren’t direct results of Gandhi’s campaigning, however the small changes witnessed in Indians advancing in politics and having more say at provincial level, wouldn’t have happened at all if it wasn’t for the pressure Gandhi put on the Raj. Without his non-cooperation campaigns, the British wouldn’t have felt the need to make any concessions at all towards Indians, but the fact remains that by 1939 Gandhi’s agenda of 1930 demanding Purna Swaraj hadn’t been achieved. However, James is not completely oblivious to the pressure the Raj is under, as he states they can ‘hold on’ in an unconvincing tone. It’s therefore apparent that if the Raj had to make the effort to hold on to their control, Gandhi’s campaigning efforts and mass movements are obviously causing them some concerns and mounting pressure, and so much have been effective to a certain extent . Lawrence James does actually give evidence to suggest that some Indians were actually content with British rule as he mentions the ‘backing of an army’ of ‘loyal’ sepoys, which the British utilised for general administration and control. However this alone doesn’t hold any weight when confronted with conflicting evidence from sources 1 and 2. It’s therefore undisputable that Gandhi’s non-violent campaign methods as mentioned in source 1 were hugely effective in amplifying the nationalism within India and thus rallying the masses in order to put strenuous pressure on the Raj as witnessed in source 2. It is apparent however that Gandhi became less influential after his arrest in 1931. His campaigns lost momentum and Congress became machine that followed up the progress Gandhi had made prior to the 1935 Government of India Act. Source 2 therefore bares the most weight as it makes it explicit that Gandhi’s campaigning left the British with no other option than to proceed to make concessions towards the Indians, who where now actively pushing for future self governing. The British were then obliged to relinquish some power, and accept that there would be no going back to having complete perpetual control over the Indians.